An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Washington University, led by Karen L. Wooley, Ph.D., the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in Arts & Sciences, is a step closer to delivering cancer-killing drugs to pediatric brain tumors.
Such tumors are often difficult to completely remove surgically; frequently, cancerous cells remain following surgery, and the tumor returns.
Chemotherapy, while effective at treating tumors, often harms healthy cells as well, leading to severe side effects, especially in young children that still are developing brain functions.
In an effort to solve this problem, the Wooley lab has developed polymeric nanoparticles that can trap doxorubicin, a drug commonly used in chemotherapy, and slowly release the drug over an extended time period. By fine-tuning the polymer composition, they were able to tailor the release rate of the drug and improve its solubility.
The work was published in Chemical Communications and supported by the Children’s Discovery Institute of St. Louis Children’s Hospital and by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health as a Program of Excellence in Nanotechnology.
With its approach, the Wooley lab was able to load more of the drug into the cores of the nanoparticles, compared with similar constructs.
“Typically, a polymeric micelle has 3 to 4 percent (drug) loading per nanoparticle mass. In our case, we achieved 18 to 19 percent for our nanoparticles,” said Andreas Nystrom, Ph.D., a postdoctoral associate, supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, who worked on the project.
However, the nanoparticles carrying the doxorubicin were not as effective at killing cancer cells because, in these initial nanoparticles, no targeting groups were included and the entire drug payload of the nanoparticle is not released.
The identification and attachment of targeting ligands onto the nanoparticles and the rate and extent of drug release are now what the researchers will concentrate on and seek to improve. Ligands in this application are composed of peptides and antibodies that bind to specific cell receptors overexpressed in cancer cells.
The cell studies were performed in vitro by Zhiqiang (Jack) Xu, Ph.D., a postdoctoral associate, together with Jeff Leonard, M.D., assistant professor in the Department of Neurological Surgery, and Sheila Stewart, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, both in the School of Medicine.
Ultimately, in vivo, the nanoparticles are expected to target the tumors through the use of active targeting ligands and also through passive diffusion, as particles are well known to be taken up selectively into tumors by a process called the enhanced permeability and retention effect.
The amount of drug released from the nanoparticles “might be enough for the intended therapy, if side effects are limited by selective tumor targeting,” Nystrom said.
For these drug-filled nanoparticles to be effective for treating brain tumors, one challenge remains — decorating the nanoparticles with signatures that direct them to the tumors and away from healthy cells, a process known as tissue-specific targeting. Once attached to the tumor, the nanoparticles can release their deadly contents, killing the cancer cells and leaving the healthy cells unharmed.
“Everything depends on getting the nanoparticle to the tissue (tumor) of choice,” said Nystrom.
Wooley agrees.
“We have been studying these nanoparticles for some time now as a platform technology, achieving high radiolabeling efficiencies and demonstrating variable bio-distributions through a collaboration with the laboratory of Professor Mike Welch in the Department of Radiology,” she said. “Now, we are poised to take advantage of the progress made to develop the particles for diagnosis and treatment of several diseases.
“In this latest work, the nanoparticles were designed with thermally tunable core properties to serve as a host system that retains drug molecules at room temperature and then releases the cargo at physiological temperature, with a controlled drug release profile,” Wooley said.
“The results are highly promising and are allowing us to move forward to a fully functional, tumor-targeted drug delivery device. The key to making this happen is the interdisciplinary team of investigators, each of whom brings a different chemical, biological or medical expertise,” she said.